Last modified: 2018-09-23
Abstract
This study examines the likelihood of three university student cohorts to follow Center for Disease Control (CDC) vaccination guidelines prior to international travel. Two intervention cohorts and a control group participated. Students in one cohort received literature outlining CDC recommendations specific to their travel destination, while a second cohort received both the literature and a university student health services staff presentation about CDC vaccination recommendations. Findings for the research are intended to improve student safety through more effective education and coordination of pre-travel planning and precautions. International educational experiences in higher education grew over 3.8 percent in the 2015-16 academic year, which included 325,332 students in the US who traveled abroad as participants of university international programs (National Association of Foreign Student Advisors, 2018). Furthermore, initiatives such as the Liberal Education and America’s Promise (LEAP) program continue to promote Essential Learning Outcomes that include “civic knowledge and engagement (local and global), and intercultural knowledge and competence†which have led to increased integration of university curricular and extra curricular efforts such efforts as travel abroad for experiential learning (https://aacu.org/leap/essential-learning-outcomes). However, little research examines immunizations for students who travel outside the United States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) have well established protocols that include routine, required, and recommended vaccination prior to travel depending on the destination country (https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel). Unfortunately, many students have little or no knowledge of the associated risks. While a high percentage of travelers believe vaccinations confer essential protection, many question the safety of vaccinations (Crockett M , Keystone J., 2005). One study finds that only 15 percent of travelers to Hepatitis B endemic countries recalled being immunized, while another finds that 48% of travelers, 28% of whom were advised of vaccination necessity by a medical professional, declined such (Zuckerman and Hoet, 2008; Jacqueline Howard, 2017). One finding by Crockett and Keystone, 2005 is that pre-travel education is essential for vaccination uptake. This study evaluates vaccination rates for students who travel internationally, examines vaccination rates associated with two intervention approaches, and the potential to implement more effective pre-travel planning for student safety.